Bronchiolitis in Young Children: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

What is Bronchiolitis?

Bronchiolitis is a lower respiratory tract infection caused by viruses, commonly seen in infants and young children, especially under 2 years old. When a virus attacks, the airway lining swells and produces excessive mucus, narrowing and blocking the bronchioles. This can lead to breathing difficulties, wheezing, and, if not promptly managed, respiratory failure.

Causes of Bronchiolitis

Most cases are caused by Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), which is common from late autumn to spring. Other respiratory viruses may also be responsible.
The illness spreads easily in group settings such as daycare centers, kindergartens, children’s cafes, or households with multiple young children.

Common Symptoms

• Early stage: runny nose, sneezing, clear nasal discharge
• Persistent cough, usually the most noticeable symptom
• Rapid, shallow breathing, often >40 breaths per minute
• Use of accessory muscles: chest retractions, pulling in under ribs or neck
• Wheezing, noisy breathing, worsening shortness of breath
• Poor appetite, decreased feeding, reduced urination due to dehydration
• Fever, fatigue

If untreated, complications may include otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia, or respiratory failure.

Diagnosis of Bronchiolitis

Doctors usually diagnose based on clinical symptoms and physical examination. Additional tests may include:

• Lung auscultation to detect abnormal sounds
• Chest X-ray to rule out pneumonia
• Respiratory virus tests to identify the causative agent

Treatment and Care

There is currently no specific antiviral treatment for bronchiolitis. Most cases improve over time with proper care.

• Rest, keep warm, avoid cold drafts
• Ensure adequate fluid intake or frequent breastfeeding
• Use fever reducers if needed
• Bronchodilators or respiratory support as prescribed by a doctor
  

If the child experiences severe breathing difficulties, poor feeding, or extreme fatigue, immediate medical attention is required. Some children may need hospitalization and oxygen support.

Conclusion

Bronchiolitis is a common respiratory illness in young children and can lead to serious complications if neglected. Parents should watch for early warning signs and seek timely medical care.

H PLUS International Medical Center provides experienced medical teams to support parents in caring for their children’s respiratory health, ensuring peace of mind at every stage of growth.