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Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a contagious viral illness that primarily affects young children. It is most commonly caused by two enteroviruses: Coxsackievirus A16 and Enterovirus 71 (EV71). The disease is characterized by blister-like rashes and sores that develop on the mouth, hands, feet, buttocks, and knees. These rashes can cause discomfort and lead to dehydration if the child is unable to drink due to mouth sores.
HFMD spreads easily, especially in group settings such as daycare, preschools, and play areas, making children highly susceptible to contracting and spreading the virus. While the disease can occur year-round, outbreaks tend to peak between March and May, and September to December.
Symptoms of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease:
- Early symptoms: Fever, sore throat, fatigue, loss of appetite, and sometimes diarrhea.
- Classic signs: Blister-like rashes on the hands, feet, mouth, and sometimes the buttocks and knees. Mouth sores can be painful, making it difficult for children to eat or drink.
- Additional symptoms: In some cases, high fever, vomiting, and irritability may occur.
In most cases, HFMD resolves within 7-10 days with supportive care, but complications can occur, particularly with EV71 infection, which can lead to severe issues such as encephalitis (brain inflammation), viral meningitis, myocarditis (heart inflammation), or respiratory failure. These complications are more likely in young children and require immediate medical attention.
Complications of HFMD:
- Neurological complications: Encephalitis, brainstem encephalitis, meningitis, and seizures. Symptoms include irritability, drowsiness, unsteady walking, and seizures.
- Cardiopulmonary complications: Myocarditis, pneumonia, heart failure, and shock, which can be fatal without prompt medical care.
Diagnosis and Treatment: HFMD is diagnosed based on clinical symptoms, including the characteristic rash and mouth sores. In some cases, a laboratory test like RT-PCR may be used to confirm the virus.
- Treatment: There is no specific antiviral treatment for HFMD. Management focuses on relieving symptoms:
- Fever management: Paracetamol or ibuprofen can help reduce fever.
- Hydration: Oral rehydration solutions (ORS) are essential to prevent dehydration.
- Mouth care: Glycerin borate solution can help soothe mouth sores, making it easier for children to eat and drink.
- Pain relief: Use of pain-relieving gels or oral antiseptic gels can reduce discomfort.
- Anticonvulsants: If seizures occur, medication may be required.
When to Seek Medical Attention:
- High fever (≥39°C / 102.2°F)
- Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing
- Severe irritability, difficulty waking, or lethargy
- Vomiting, diarrhea, or signs of dehydration (dry mouth, lack of tears, reduced urination)
- Convulsions or loss of consciousness
In severe cases, immediate hospitalization and intensive care may be required.
Prevention and Control: HFMD can be prevented by reducing the risk of transmission. If an outbreak occurs in a community or school, the following measures can help contain the spread:
- Limit contact with infected children, especially during the first 10-14 days of illness.
- Isolation: Keep infected children at home, away from schools or daycare until fully recovered.
- Personal hygiene: Regular hand washing with soap, especially after using the toilet or handling contaminated items. Clean toys and surfaces frequently.
- Avoid rupturing blisters: Do not pop or scratch the blisters, as this can increase the risk of secondary bacterial infections.
- Disinfection: Regularly clean and disinfect the living environment, especially items and surfaces that may have come into contact with bodily fluids.
- Proper disposal of waste: Ensure that diapers and other potentially contaminated items are disposed of safely.
In Summary: Hand, foot, and mouth disease is a common yet potentially dangerous viral infection for young children, especially those under 6 years old. While it generally resolves with proper care, the risk of complications from enterovirus 71 makes early detection and treatment essential. By maintaining good hygiene practices, keeping infected children isolated, and following medical advice, you can reduce the spread of HFMD and protect the health of your family.